Observation index table

The observation index table is stored in a FITS file as a BINTABLE HDU:

• Suggested filename: obs-index.fits.gz
• Suggested HDU name: OBS_INDEX

It contains one row per observation (a.k.a. run) and lists parameters that are commonly used for observation selection, grouping and analysis.

Required columns

• OBS_ID type: int

  • Unique observation identifier (Run number)

• OBS_MODE type: string

  • Observation mode. See notes on OBS_MODE.

• RA_PNT type: float, unit: deg

  • Pointing Right Ascension (see RA / DEC). Not mandatory if OBS_MODE=DRIFT, but average values could optionally be provided.

• DEC_PNT type: float, unit: deg

  • Pointing declination (see RA / DEC). Not mandatory if OBS_MODE=DRIFT, but average values could optionally be provided.

• ALT_PNT type: float, unit: deg

  • Pointing Altitude (see Alt / Az). Only mandatory if OBS_MODE=DRIFT

• AZ_PNT type: float, unit: deg

  • Pointing azimuth (see Alt / Az). Only mandatory if OBS_MODE=DRIFT

• TSTART type: float, unit: s

  • Start time of observation relative to the reference time (see Time)

• TSTOP type: float, unit: s

  • End time of observation relative to the reference time (see Time)

Optional columns

The following columns are optional. They are sometimes used for observation selection or data quality checks or analysis, but aren’t needed for most users.

• ZEN_PNT type: float, unit: deg

  • Observation pointing zenith angle at observation mid-time TMID (see Alt / Az)

• ONTIME type: float, unit: s

  • Total observation time (including dead time).
  • Equals TSTOP - TSTART

• LIVETIME type: float, unit: s

  • Total livetime (observation minus dead time)

• DEADC type: float

  • Dead time correction.
  • It is defined such that LIVETIME = DEADC * ONTIME i.e. the fraction of time the telescope was actually able to take data.

• DATE-OBS type: string

  • Observation start date (see Time)

• TIME-OBS type: string

  • Observation start time (see Time)

• DATE-END type: string

  • Observation end date (see Time)

• TIME-END type: string

  • Observation end time (see Time)

• N_TELS type: int

  • Number of participating telescopes

• TELLIST type: string

  • Telescope IDs (e.g. ‘1,2,3,4’)

• QUALITY type: int

  • Observation data quality. The following levels of data quality are defined:

    • -1 = unknown quality
    • 0 = best quality, suitable for spectral analysis.
    • 1 = medium quality, suitable for detection, but not spectra (typically if the atmosphere was hazy).
    • 2 = bad quality, usually not to be used for analysis.

• OBJECT type: string

  • Primary target of the observation

  • Recommendations:

    • Use a name that can be resolved by SESAME
    • For survey observations, use “survey”.
    • For Off Observation, use “off observation”

• GLON_PNT type: float, unit: deg

  • Observation pointing Galactic longitude (see Galactic).

• GLAT_PNT type: float, unit: deg

  • Observation pointing Galactic latitude (see Galactic).

• RA_OBJ type: float, unit: deg

  • Right ascension of OBJECT

• DEC_OBJ type: float, unit: deg

  • Declination of OBJECT

• TMID type: float, unit: s

  • Mid time of observation relative to the reference time

• TMID_STR type: string

  • Mid time of observation in UTC string format: “YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS”

• EVENT_COUNT type: int

  • Number of events in run

• EVENT_RA_MEDIAN type: float, unit: deg

  • Median right ascension of events

• EVENT_DEC_MEDIAN type: float, unit: deg

  • Median declination of events

• EVENT_ENERGY_MEDIAN type: float, unit: deg

  • Median energy of events

• EVENT_TIME_MIN type: double, unit: s

  • First event time

• EVENT_TIME_MAX type: double, unit: s

  • Last event time

• BKG_SCALE type: float

  • Observation-dependent background scaling factor. See notes below.

• TRGRATE type: float, unit: Hz

  • Mean system trigger rate

• ZTRGRATE type: float, unit: Hz

  • Zenith equivalent mean system trigger rate
  • Some HESS chains export this at the moment and this quantity can be useful for data selection. Comparing values from different chains or other telescopes would require a more specific specification.

• MUONEFF type: float

  • Mean muon efficiency
  • Currently use definitions from analysis chain, since creating a unified specification is tricky.

• BROKPIX type: float

  • Fraction of broken pixels (0.15 means 15% broken pixels)

• AIRTEMP type: float, unit: deg C

  • Mean air temperature at ground during the observation.

• PRESSURE type: float, unit: hPa

  • Mean air pressure at ground during the observation.

• NSBLEVEL type: float, unit: a.u.

  • Measure for NSB level
  • Some HESS chains export this at the moment and this quantity can be useful for data selection. Comparing values from different chains or other telescopes would require a more specific specification.

• RELHUM type: float

  • Relative humidity
  • Definition

Mandatory Header keywords

The standard FITS reference time header keywords should be used (see Formats). An observatory Earth location should be given as well (see Earth location).

As explained in HDU classes, the following header keyword should be used to declare the type of HDU:

• HDUDOC = ‘https://github.com/open-gamma-ray-astro/gamma-astro-data-formats’
• HDUVERS = ‘0.3’
• HDUCLASS = ‘GADF’
• HDUCLAS1 = ‘INDEX’
• HDUCLAS2 = ‘OBS’

Notes

• Observation runs where the telescopes don’t point to a fixed RA / DEC position (e.g. drift scan runs) aren’t supported at the moment by this format.
• Purpose / definition of BKG_SCALE: For a 3D likelihood analysis a good estimate of the background is important. The run-by-run varation of the background rate is ~20%. The main reasons are the changing atmospheric conditions. This parameter allows to specify (from separate studies) a scaling factor to the Background This factor comes e.g. from the analysis of off runs. The background normalisation usually dependends on e.g. the number of events in a run, the zenith angle and other parameters. This parameter provides the possibility to give the user a better prediction of the background normalisation. For CTA this might be induced from atmospheric monitoring and additional diagnostic input. For HESS we try to find a trend in the off run background normalisations and other parameters such as number of events per unit livetime. The background scale should be around 1.0 if the background model is good. This number should also be set to 1.0 if no dependency analysis has been performed. If the background model normalisation is off by a few orders of magnitude for some reasons, this can also be incorporated here.